January 26, 2026

Premier Lawn Treatment Solutions in Philly: Professional Tips for Year-Round Lawn Maintenance

Philadelphia grass have actually a personality shaped by clay-heavy soils, damp summer seasons, and winters months that turn from sloppy to serious. If you have actually ever watched an uneven backyard perk up after a well-timed aeration or seen cool-season lawn collapse under July warm, you know the city's quirks demand both preparation and agility. The very best yard care services in Philadelphia deal with those realities, not against them. They time remodellings around soil temperatures, adjust cutting elevations as summer settles in, and handle the untidy middle ground where grass treatment fulfills urban landscaping.

This overview blends practical, season-by-season upkeep suggestions with understanding on choosing the best yard treatment firm in Philadelphia. I'll additionally outline what separates top-tier providers residential lawn care Philadelphia from the remainder, based upon years of strolling properties, fixing irrigation, and keeping in mind on what really flourishes here.

What makes Philadelphia yards unique

The area's dominant turf types are cool-season lawns, typically high fescue with some Kentucky bluegrass and seasonal rye mixed in. Tall fescue is the workhorse for city and suv buildings, thanks to its heat resistance, deep rooting, and improved drought resistance compared to bluegrass. Philly's mid-Atlantic environment means quick spring development, stress in peak summertime, a solid fall recovery window, and an inactive or semi-dormant winter.

Soils commonly lean clay loam, which condenses conveniently and holds water. That can be a true blessing throughout droughts but a frustration throughout rainy stretches, when origins suffocate. Lots of rowhome lawns sit over construction backfill with inadequate organic matter. Lawn struggles there without oygenation, garden compost topdressing, and mindful watering.

We also contend with thick tree covers in neighborhoods like Chestnut Hill and West Philly. Shade is the quiet grass killer, and the very best landscaping company in Philadelphia will inform you the truth: turf requires a minimum of four hours of filtered light to look good long term. In deep shade, groundcovers or mulch beds exceed turf, both aesthetically and financially.

How to pick a yard care firm in Philadelphia

A great yard treatment company in Philadelphia does more than cut and blow. They construct a plan around your microclimate, soil, and usage. Here is what I search for when reviewing providers:

Experience with cool-season turf and clay dirts. Ask just how they handle compaction, which aeration devices they make use of, and whether they suggest slit seeding in fall.

Soil-first technique. Premier teams press soil screening every 2 to 3 years, readjust pH with lime or sulfur as needed, and utilize slow-release nitrogen to reduce surge growth.

Transparent, seasonal programs. Philadelphia grass benefit from 6 to eight solution touchpoints per year. Clear schedules aid you prepare, specifically for seeding and pre-emergent windows.

Practical watering support. The majority of city properties rely on hoses and lawn sprinklers. An educated crew aids establish practical watering routines without overselling watering systems where they're not needed.

Pest and weed control with judgment. Crabgrass, nutsedge, and wild violet are common right here. Grubs show up after wet springs. Try to find service providers that prefer targeted therapy, not bury spraying.

There's likewise the human factor. The most effective companies connect very early regarding weather condition lawn care business in Philadelphia delays, leave notes after each check out, and describe trade-offs plainly. If your color level or dirt profile makes a picture-perfect yard unrealistic, a reliable staff will shift your plan toward landscaping services Philadelphia residents use to enhance grass, like broadened beds or native plant borders.

The seasonal rhythm that works in Philadelphia

An excellent lawn in this city is the product of great timing. The schedule issues, yet soil and air temperature levels matter more. Below is exactly how I map the year.

Late winter season right into very early spring: wake-up and prevention

Once snow mold recedes and the dirt is solid enough to work, I start with a fast clean-up. Cut high to remove off winter's rough ends. Rake out matted locations lightly, not boldy, to prevent rooting out tender crowns.

This is the window for pre-emergent herbicides to quit crabgrass. Aim for when soil temperatures hit about 55 degrees for a number of days. That generally lands anywhere from late March to mid April, depending on the year. If you plan to seed bare spots in springtime, skip pre-emergent because location or make use of an item classified for new seed.

On soils that evaluated acidic, late winter months or very early springtime is a smart time for lime. Numerous Philadelphia lawns sit in between pH 5.5 and 6.3. Cool-season yards favor 6.2 to 7.0. Don't guess. Lime without an examination and you can secure nutrients for many years. A top yard treatment company in Philly will certainly set up dirt screening ahead of time and spread out the improvement over numerous applications as opposed to discarding a hefty dose in one pass.

Mowing starts again as development returns to. Establish the deck at 3 to 3.5 inches for fescue. This higher cut shades soil, lowers evaporation, and prevents weeds. Sharpen the blade. Boring blades tear turf, which raises condition risk in our wet springs.

Late springtime right into very early summertime: handle growth, get ready for stress

This is the period of rapid growth and unexpected storms. Tall fescue reacts well to a light feeding with slow-release nitrogen, usually 0.5 to 0.75 extra pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Push it harder and you construct lavish growth that struggles when heat gets here. I 'd rather leave area for a stronger fall feeding, when the plant can bank energy in roots.

Weed stress climbs up currently. Dandelions are easy pickings with discerning herbicides or a sharp weeder after rain. Ground ivy and wild violet are harder. Wise, targeted therapies work best. Covering splashing the entire grass wastes product and can scorch tender springtime growth.

If grubs were an issue in 2014, speak with your company regarding preventive treatments based on monitoring, not practice. Not every lawn requires it, and advantageous bugs suffer when you spray preventively without cause.

Irrigation, if you have it, need to supplement rain, not change it. Early summer season can be feast or famine. Aim for an inch of water per week combined, changing for rainfall. Deep, infrequent watering is the guideline. Grass that obtains a day-to-day dash trains roots toward the surface area and stress out much faster in July.

High summer season: secure and conserve

Philadelphia summer seasons are moist, and warmth snaps will certainly evaluate your lawn. This is when you transform techniques. Elevate trimming height to 3.5 to 4 inches. Avoid a cut if the lawn slows under warmth stress. Scalping welcomes conditions like brown spot, which loves cozy evenings and wet foliage.

Fertilization ought to be very little or none in July and August. Feeding during warmth encourages leading development at the precise moment roots are struggling. If a lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy proposes a heavy mid-summer feeding for cool-season grass, ask why. In nearly every instance, it's far better to wait.

Irrigate as the yard demands. The screwdriver test is simple and effective: push a screwdriver right into the dirt. If it slides in conveniently to the deal with, dampness is adequate. If it just penetrates an inch, the dirt is dry. Water early in the early morning so leaves completely dry swiftly. If you select to let the yard go dormant, water lightly every two to three weeks, around a fifty percent inch, just to maintain crowns alive.

Watch for illness. Brownish patch shows as uneven tan spots with a dark margin. Summertime patch can be more insidious, often linked to compaction and stressed roots. Social controls precede: develop blades, stay clear of late-day watering, and avoid nitrogen. A well-informed landscaping company in Philly can suggest when fungicides are required for high-value grass, however many home yards recuperate with loss aeration and overseeding.

Fall: Philly's prime-time show for healing and renovation

From Labor Day to Halloween is the wonderful area. Dirt is warm, air is cooler, and weeds are much less aggressive. If I can only choose one period to purchase, it would be fall.

Core oygenation in September reduces compaction, boosts oxygen exchange, and opens networks for nutrients and water. On clay-heavy lawns, pulling cores a minimum of once a year makes a remarkable difference over a couple of periods. I favor hollow-tine aerators and a double pass if the dirt is greatly compacted.

Overseeding right after aeration works well. High fescue blends that include turf-type selections produce a dense, fine-bladed look with far better disease resistance. Aim for 3 to 5 extra pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for overseeding, higher for full restoration. Topdressing with a quarter inch of evaluated compost assists hold seed, improves microbial life, and smooths small undulations.

Fertilization belongs here. A balanced fall program provides 0.75 to 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in early fall and an additional light application six to 8 weeks later on, changed based upon soil tests. This strategy drives root development and carbohydrate storage space, which settle next spring.

Broadleaf weeds are remarkably susceptible in autumn. Treatments for clover, plantain, and dandelion are a lot more effective now since plants are drawing sources steadily right into their roots. If you choose a lighter chemical impact, place treatment remains a clever compromise.

Leaf management issues. Wet leaves asphyxiate lawn and welcome snow mold. Compost mowing, which chops leaves right into fine little bits, operates in many situations and returns organic matter to the dirt. When the volume exceeds what the lawn mower can deal with, collect and compost or ask your landscaping services Philadelphia supplier to transport them. The goal is always the same: stop matting and keep light reaching the grass.

Winter: safeguard what you built

Once development quits, make a final cleanup pass. The last trim typically lands around 2.75 to 3 inches, a little less than your summertime height. This helps reduce snow mold danger, though we do not get the persistent snow cover seen in northern regions. Stay clear of hefty foot website traffic on frozen or saturated lawns. If the ground defrosts during a warm spell, withstand the lure to rake or work the grass until the dirt companies again.

Winter is also a great time to review bigger modifications. Do you have sections that never flourish as a result of shade or drain? A wise landscaping Philadelphia redesign could change those failures with shade-tolerant perennials, attractive crushed rock, or broadened beds that decrease maintenance and water use. The best landscaper in Philadelphia will certainly develop with runoff regulations and neighborhood plant palettes in mind, so your yard looks all-natural in the neighborhood.

The service food selection that actually helps

When individuals look for lawn care services Philadelphia, they frequently see package plans that look interchangeable. Under the hood, though, there are significant differences. Here is a practical method to think about solution options.

Mowing and edging. Beneficial when growth is quickly. The quality of work programs in information: rotating trimming patterns to prevent ruts, cutting equally without scalping, and blowing cuttings out of beds rather than hiding plants.

Fertilization and weed control. Seek providers who make use of slow-release resources for most of the nitrogen, time feedings to spring and loss, and favor place sprays for weeds. Programs with 5 to 7 sees annually are normal, yet the content of those gos to matters greater than the count.

Aeration and overseeding. This is the solitary most impactful annual solution for compacted Philadelphia grass. If a firm attempts to miss it, be unconvinced. Slit seeding can enhance or replace overseeding in serious thinning since it tucks seed into shallow dirt furrows where moisture lingers.

Soil testing and modifications. The difference in between guessing and testing shows up in your lawn within two seasons. pH modifications, potassium changes, and organic matter strategies are affordable lawn care company Philadelphia difficult to set without data.

Topdressing and garden compost incorporation. Particularly on newly developed homes, where topsoil is thin and subsoil is thick, a yearly quarter inch of garden compost after oygenation constructs fertility and improves framework. It is not showy, yet it works.

Irrigation checkups or upgrades. If you have an automatic system, ask for head-to-head protection audits and matched rainfall nozzles. If you rely upon hoses, have your provider mark a straightforward watering strategy that fits your schedule.

Pest and disease surveillance. Instead of set up chemical applications, the most effective firms evaluate, Philadelphia landscape design record, and treat when limits are gotten to. Japanese beetle grubs, chinch bugs, and fungal diseases need different timing. Splashing on a schedule wastes cash and invites resistance.

Watering in the city: functional, not perfect

Many Philly buildings do not have in-ground watering. That is great. I have actually managed lots of fine-looking lawns with a number of oscillating sprinklers and an economical timer. The technique is discipline.

Set sprinklers so they overlap somewhat, delivering approximately one inch each week spread over two deep soakings. Make use of a tuna can or a rainfall gauge to gauge. Relocate sprinklers carefully to avoid completely dry streaks. If a heat wave hits, rise period, not frequency. Early morning watering prevents leaf moisture overnight, which fuels fungus.

Side lawns and small courtyards can be persistent. Wind passages in between rowhomes make distribution uneven, and fencings obstruct spray. In those areas, soaker tubes under a light compost can surpass overhanging watering.

Mowing elevation, blades, and clippings: little options, large payoffs

I harp on mowing due to the fact that it is one of the most constant touch a yard gets, and little errors compound. Establish your lawn mower high, hold that line in summer, and avoid getting rid of more than one third of the blade at once. If a rainy week transforms your lawn into a jungle, utilize a dual pass at higher deck settings rather than compeling a solitary drastic cut.

Sharpen blades a minimum of twice a season. If you see white frayed tips on the turf a day after mowing, your blade is dull. Torn suggestions lose water promptly, welcome disease, and make the lawn appearance gray.

Leave clippings unless they mat. They return nitrogen and raw material. On heavy development weeks, bagging is much better than surrounding the grass. If a lawn treatment firm leaves windrows or globs, inquire to slow down or take a second pass.

The shade and tree root problem

Philadelphia's mature areas teem with maples, oaks, and sycamores. Trees and lawn complete fiercely for water and nutrients. If you have actually revealed roots at the surface area, stacking dirt on the top is dangerous. Origins need oxygen. Instead, produce a mulched ring out to the drip line where functional, and accept a reduced turf footprint.

In dappled shade, fine fescues can make an area in the seed blend, however they do not love foot web traffic. Consider tipping stone courses or expanded beds through high-traffic color areas. A great lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy equilibriums appearances with truth, conserving you from reseeding the exact same location year after year.

Organic, low-input, and hybrid programs

Plenty of homeowners want to reduce synthetic inputs. That is possible, especially if you buy dirt wellness, cutting technique, and overseeding. Organic fertilizers develop microbial life and release nutrients slowly. Garden compost topdressing, leaf mulching, and clover combination all contribute to a resistant lawn.

Be straightforward concerning compromises. Weed stress will be greater in year one professional lawn care companies Philadelphia and 2, specifically against perennial weeds like violet. Much of my clients succeed with hybrid programs: natural fertility, social methods like aeration and garden compost, and targeted herbicides just where essential. A lawn treatment company in Philly that comprehends this balance can customize a path that appreciates your choices while keeping the lawn presentable.

Pricing assumptions and value checks

Costs vary by home dimension, gain access to, and solution range, yet you can orient yourself with rough varieties across the city and close residential areas. Cutting on small rowhome yards might run in the small regular cost array throughout optimal period, while quarter to half-acre rural great deals can cost numerous times that. Oygenation and overseeding commonly falls into a mid-three-to-high-three-figure array depending on size and seed selection. Complete improvement, which entails non-selective kill, multiple seed passes, and topdressing, can press more than a thousand for bigger properties.

Value exposes itself in end results and communication. If a staff appears reliably, leaves tidy edges, proactively flags problems, and hits the essential fall window in a timely manner, they are making their keep. If they miss oygenation, stay clear of soil tests, or press mid-summer nitrogen for cool-season lawn, press for explanations or take into consideration other options.

When to call a landscaper as opposed to pressing yard fixes

Sometimes, the smartest step is to transform the canvas. If your front yard obtains much less than three hours of light, lawn will always have a hard time. If runoff rips channels via your side lawn after storms, turf is not the solution. Landscaping Philadelphia jobs that include swales, permeable paths, and native growings can fix the underlying concerns and lower upkeep long term.

A capable landscaper in Philly assumes like a designer and a gardener. They must evaluate incline, soil infiltration, and plant choice in addition to aesthetic allure. Deal with groups that appreciate your home's building style and the community's personality, not just the Pinterest vision.

A simple, seasonal list you can share with your provider

  • Early springtime: dirt examination if past due, sharpen lawn mower blades, use pre-emergent when dirt hits mid 50s, light slow-release feeding, trim at 3 to 3.5 inches.
  • Late springtime: spot-treat weeds, monitor for grubs if there is a history, verify watering coverage, keep trimming elevation steady.
  • Summer: raise cutting to 3.5 to 4 inches, water deeply in mornings as needed, avoid hefty nitrogen, handle disease pressure with cultural practices.
  • Early fall: core aerate, overseed with turf-type tall fescue mix, topdress with compost, use a balanced loss fertilizer.
  • Late fall: second light fertilizer if suitable, compost or remove fallen leaves prior to they mat, final cut around 2.75 to 3 inches.

How premier suppliers gain their reputation

I have actually watched companies make five-star reputations the slow means, over years of constant field job. They do the unglamorous points well. They pause after an electrical storm to reschedule a mow rather than rut your soil. They change from blanket weed control to find spray the very first time you ask, after that explain the practical timeline for improvement. They urge fall aeration even if it is the busiest week of their year, due to the fact that they understand that is when it counts.

When you review lawn care services Philadelphia homeowners recommend, look beyond social proof to process. Ask how they train staff members, what they do when a job goes wrong, and how they manage side cases like new sod in a heat wave. Great solutions are specific. If the salesperson can not explain the seed blend they utilize, the nitrogen resource in their plant food, or the target dirt pH, keep interviewing.

A few edge instances worth calling out

New building lawns usually rest on compacted subsoil with a thin veneer of topsoil. Expect a two to three year turn-around if you devote to aeration, compost topdressing, and mindful watering. Quick fixes seldom hold.

Pet damage focuses in winter season and early spring. Flush those areas with water to weaken salts, after that topdress with a light layer of garden compost and seed when soil warms. Tall fescue recovers far better than bluegrass under repeat traffic.

Sidewalk strips heat up and dry faster than the grass appropriate. Think about drought-tolerant blends, a little drip line under compost, or exchanging lawn for a hard seasonal boundary. It is better to have a strip that looks purposefully planted than a churned-up jumble of weeds and dust.

Slope areas can benefit from slit seeding combined with disintegration control blankets for a period. As soon as developed, deeper-rooted high fescue outperforms rye in holding soil.

Bringing all of it together

A Philly grass thrives when you sync with the city's seasons and soils. Springtime establishes the table, summertime examinations your patience, and drop incentives the work. The best yard treatment business in Philadelphia amplifies your initiatives with specific timing, straightforward support, and sharp implementation. They understand when to seed and when to wait, when to feed and when to keep back, when to combat weeds and when to reassess the planting.

Whether you maintain the work in-house or partner with an expert group, the principles remain the exact same. Construct healthy soil. Trim high with sharp blades. Water deeply yet not regularly. Aerate and seed in loss. Pick plants that match the site instead of compeling the website to match the plant. With that said approach, your grass becomes greater than an environment-friendly surface. It becomes a resistant landscape that looks great in April, endures July, and rebounds with vigor in October. And that, in Philadelphia's environment, is the mark of job well done.

EAS Landscaping Address: 1234 N 25th St, Philadelphia, PA 19121
Phone: +1 267-670-0173
Website: https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping is a Philadelphia-based landscape design and construction company specializing in artistic, sustainable outdoor spaces, including landscaping, hardscaping, garden design, and custom landscape architecture for residential projects.

View us on Google Maps
1234 N 25th St
Philadelphia, PA
19121
US

Business Hours

  • Monday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Tuesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Wednesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Thursday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Friday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Saturday: 9:00 AM – 1:00 PM
  • Sunday: Closed

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EAS Landscaping is a landscaping company

EAS Landscaping is based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

EAS Landscaping address is 1234 N 25th St Philadelphia PA 19121 United States

EAS Landscaping phone number is +1 267 670 0173

EAS Landscaping website is https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping operates on Tuesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Wednesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Thursday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Friday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Saturday from 9 AM to 1 PM

EAS Landscaping is closed on Sunday

EAS Landscaping operates on Monday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping is connected with Brooks Brothers Construction

Brooks Brothers Construction provides hardscaping services for EAS Landscaping

Horace Captain leads hardscaping projects for Brooks Brothers Construction

Horace Captain has over 30 years of hardscaping experience

EAS Landscaping provides landscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides hardscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape design services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape construction services

EAS Landscaping provides native plant installation and guidance

EAS Landscaping provides garden design services

EAS Landscaping provides residential landscape architecture services

EAS Landscaping provides fencing services

EAS Landscaping does not provide lawncare services

EAS Landscaping installs sod only as part of a larger design project

EAS Landscaping specializes in artscape landscape projects

EAS Landscaping collaborates with clients to create sustainable landscape designs

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in horticulture

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in landscape construction

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in project management

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in material logistics

EAS Landscaping won Philadelphia Sustainable Landscape Award

EAS Landscaping was awarded Best Urban Garden Design Philadelphia

EAS Landscaping received Recognition for Artistic Landscape Excellence

EAS Landscaping Google Maps link is https://maps.app.goo.gl/S64Ns9YXGW3pb42m8

EAS Landscaping has a YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPgmI0GioirEfnZG7hl4t7Q

EAS Landscaping has an Instagram profile https://www.instagram.com/easlandscaping/

EAS Landscaping uses social media for brand promotion

EAS Landscaping uses social media to showcase landscaping projects


Frequently Asked Questions About Lawn Care in Philadelphia


How much does lawn service cost in Philadelphia?

Lawn service in Philadelphia typically costs between $40 and $80 per visit for standard mowing. Pricing varies based on lot size, grass height, terrain, and service frequency. Additional services such as edging, trimming, or seasonal cleanup increase the total cost.

How much does lawn care cost in PA?

In Pennsylvania, routine lawn care generally ranges from $35 to $90 per visit. Monthly costs average $120 to $250 depending on services included. Fertilization, weed control, and aeration are usually priced separately.

What services are offered by Lawnstarter lawn care service in Philadelphia?

The platform typically offers lawn mowing, edging, trimming, and debris cleanup. Optional services commonly include fertilization, weed control, aeration, overseeding, and leaf removal. Availability can vary based on provider coverage and season.

What is the best grass to grow in Philadelphia?

Cool-season grasses perform best due to Philadelphia’s climate. Tall fescue is widely used for its heat tolerance and durability. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are also common, often blended for resilience.

What is the average pay for a lawn care worker in PA?

The average lawn care worker in Pennsylvania earns approximately $15 to $20 per hour. Entry-level roles are typically lower, while experienced operators earn more. Pay varies by season, employer, and skill level.

What is the best lawn care for beginners?

Basic lawn care for beginners includes regular mowing, proper watering, and seasonal fertilization. Maintaining correct mowing height and sharp blades prevents stress and disease. Weed control and soil testing can be added gradually.

Do you need a license for lawn care in PA?

General lawn mowing and maintenance do not require a state license in Pennsylvania. However, applying pesticides or herbicides commercially requires certification from the state. Local business registration may also be required.

What is the best time of year for lawn care?

Spring and fall are the most important seasons for lawn care. Fall is ideal for aeration, overseeding, and fertilization. Spring focuses on cleanup, early fertilization, and weed prevention.

What is the most expensive part of landscaping?

Hardscaping is typically the most expensive part of landscaping. This includes patios, retaining walls, drainage systems, and stonework. Costs are driven by materials, excavation, and labor intensity.

Is $20 an hour good in PA?

An hourly rate of $20 is above the statewide median for many labor roles. It is generally considered competitive for skilled or physically demanding work. Cost of living differences can affect how far this wage goes.

How many lawns can a 2 man crew mow in a day?

A two-person crew can typically mow 12 to 20 average-size lawns per day. Productivity depends on lawn size, travel distance, equipment efficiency, and service scope. Smaller, clustered properties increase output.

What is the difference between a landscaper and a groundskeeper?

A landscaper focuses on design, installation, and improvement of outdoor spaces. A groundskeeper maintains existing landscapes through mowing, pruning, and general upkeep. The roles differ mainly in scope and long-term responsibility.


Looking for lawn care in Philadelphia near Eastern State Penitentiary ? Professional lawn care services help maintain healthy grass, control weeds, and keep outdoor spaces consistently maintained throughout the season.

I am a enthusiastic professional with a rich background in consulting. My drive for game-changing solutions drives my desire to scale thriving ventures. In my professional career, I have established a identity as being a pragmatic leader. Aside from scaling my own businesses, I also enjoy coaching entrepreneurial risk-takers. I believe in motivating the next generation of problem-solvers to actualize their own desires. I am often venturing into groundbreaking possibilities and uniting with like-hearted risk-takers. Upending expectations is my inspiration. In addition to dedicated to my startup, I enjoy visiting dynamic destinations. I am also focused on outdoor activities.