February 13, 2026

Top-Rated Yard Care Services in Philadelphia: Expert Tips for Year-Round Lawn Upkeep

Philadelphia grass have actually an individuality shaped by clay-heavy soils, damp summer seasons, and winters months that swing from sloppy to severe. If you've ever viewed an uneven lawn perk up after a well-timed oygenation or seen cool-season turf collapse under July warm, you understand the city's peculiarities demand both preparation and agility. The most effective lawn treatment services in Philadelphia deal with those facts, not against them. They time improvements around dirt temperature levels, readjust trimming heights as summer settles in, and handle the messy happy medium where turf treatment fulfills city landscaping.

This overview blends functional, season-by-season maintenance advice with understanding on picking the ideal grass care business in Philly. I'll additionally describe what separates top-tier service providers from the rest, based upon years of strolling residential or commercial properties, repairing watering, and remembering on what actually flourishes here.

What makes Philly yards unique

The area's leading turf kinds are cool-season grasses, usually high fescue with some Kentucky bluegrass and seasonal rye blended in. Tall fescue is the workhorse for city and rural residential or commercial properties, many thanks to its heat resistance, deep rooting, and boosted drought resistance contrasted to bluegrass. Philadelphia's mid-Atlantic environment implies rapid spring growth, stress in peak summer season, a strong autumn recuperation window, and a dormant or semi-dormant winter.

Soils frequently lean clay loam, which condenses conveniently and holds water. That can be a blessing during droughts yet a headache during wet stretches, when origins stifle. Many rowhome lawns sit over building and construction backfill with bad organic matter. Turf battles there without aeration, garden compost topdressing, and careful watering.

We additionally emulate thick tree covers in areas like Chestnut Hillside and West Philly. Shield is the quiet lawn killer, and the best landscaper in Philly will certainly inform you the reality: grass requires a minimum of 4 hours of filtered light to look suitable long term. In deep color, groundcovers or mulch beds exceed turf, both cosmetically and financially.

How to choose a yard care company in Philadelphia

An excellent lawn care business in Philly does greater than cut and blow. They build a plan around your microclimate, dirt, and use. Right here is what I try to find when assessing providers:

Experience with cool-season turf and clay soils. Ask just how they deal with compaction, which aeration devices they utilize, and whether they suggest slit seeding in fall.

Soil-first approach. Top-rated groups press dirt screening every 2 to 3 years, readjust pH with lime or sulfur as required, and utilize slow-release nitrogen to decrease rise growth.

Transparent, seasonal programs. Philadelphia yards gain from six to eight service touchpoints annually. Clear timetables aid you prepare, especially for seeding and pre-emergent windows.

Practical watering assistance. The majority of city residential or commercial properties depend on pipes and lawn sprinklers. An experienced crew helps set realistic sprinkling schedules without overselling irrigation systems where they're not needed.

Pest and weed control with judgment. Crab grass, nutsedge, and wild violet prevail right here. Grubs show up after wet springtimes. Seek suppliers that prefer targeted therapy, not bury spraying.

There's additionally the human aspect. The best firms interact very early about climate hold-ups, leave notes after each browse through, and clarify compromises clearly. If your shade degree or dirt account makes a picture-perfect lawn impractical, a credible staff will certainly shift your plan toward landscaping services Philadelphia homeowners use to complement turf, like broadened beds or native plant borders.

The seasonal rhythm that operates in Philadelphia

A terrific grass in this city is the item of great timing. The schedule matters, but dirt and air temperatures matter a lot more. Right here is just how I map the year.

Late winter months into early spring: wake-up and prevention

Once snow mold and mildew declines and the soil is firm enough to work, I start with a quick cleaning. Mow high to remove off winter months's ragged ends. Rake out matted areas gently, not strongly, to prevent uprooting tender crowns.

This is the window for pre-emergent herbicides to quit crab grass. Go for when soil temperature levels struck roughly 55 levels for several days. That normally lands anywhere from late March to mid April, depending on the year. If you prepare to seed bare places in springtime, miss pre-emergent in that area or use an item labeled for brand-new seed.

On soils that evaluated acidic, late wintertime or very early springtime is a wise time for lime. Numerous Philadelphia lawns sit between pH 5.5 and 6.3. Cool-season turfs like 6.2 to 7.0. Do not guess. Lime without a test and you can secure nutrients for years. A top grass treatment firm in Philadelphia will certainly schedule dirt screening ahead of time and spread the modification over numerous applications as opposed to disposing a heavy dose in one pass.

Mowing starts once more as growth returns to. Establish the deck at 3 to 3.5 inches for fescue. This greater cut tones soil, minimizes dissipation, and dissuades weeds. Hone the blade. Plain blades tear turf, which increases condition threat in our damp springs.

Late spring right into very early summer season: manage growth, prepare for stress

This is the period of fast growth and unexpected tornados. High fescue responds well to a light feeding with slow-release nitrogen, commonly 0.5 to 0.75 extra pounds of real nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. Push it harder and you construct rich development that struggles when heat shows up. I prefer to leave room for a stronger fall feeding, when the plant can bank energy in roots.

Weed pressure climbs currently. Dandelions are easy pickings with discerning herbicides or a sharp weeder after rainfall. Ground ivy and wild violet are harder. Wise, targeted therapies work best. Covering spraying the whole lawn wastes item and can swelter tender springtime growth.

If grubs were a problem last year, talk with your supplier regarding preventive therapies based on surveillance, not practice. Not every lawn requires it, and helpful bugs endure when you spray preventively without cause.

Irrigation, if you have it, ought to supplement rain, not change it. Early summer can be feast or scarcity. Go for an inch of water per week combined, adjusting for rains. Deep, irregular watering is the policy. Lawn that obtains an everyday dash trains origins toward the surface area and wear out quicker in July.

High summer: shield and conserve

Philadelphia summer seasons are moist, and warm snaps will examine your grass. This is when you alter tactics. Elevate cutting height to 3.5 to 4 inches. Miss a cut if the grass slows down under warmth stress. Heading invites conditions like brown patch, which enjoys warm evenings and damp foliage.

Fertilization must be minimal or none in July and August. Feeding throughout warm motivates top growth at the specific minute roots are having a hard time. If a lawn maintenance Philadelphia strategy recommends a heavy mid-summer feeding for cool-season lawn, ask why. In practically every situation, it's much better to wait.

Irrigate as the grass demands. The screwdriver test is simple and effective: push a screwdriver into the soil. If it glides in conveniently to the manage, moisture suffices. If it just permeates an inch, the dirt is dry. Water early in the early morning so leaves completely dry quickly. If you choose to let the yard go dormant, water lightly every two to three weeks, around a fifty percent inch, just to keep crowns alive.

Watch for illness. Brown patch reveals as uneven tan spots with a dark margin. Summertime patch can be more dangerous, typically linked to compaction and worried roots. Social controls come first: sharpen blades, avoid late-day watering, and skip nitrogen. A knowledgeable landscaping company in Philly can encourage when fungicides are warranted for high-value turf, yet the majority of home grass recuperate with autumn oygenation and overseeding.

Fall: Philadelphia's prime time for healing and renovation

From Labor Day to Halloween is the sweet place. Dirt is warm, air is cooler, and weeds are less hostile. If I might only pick one period to invest in, it would be fall.

Core oygenation in September reduces compaction, boosts oxygen exchange, and opens channels for nutrients and water. On clay-heavy yards, drawing cores at the very least once a year makes a dramatic difference over a couple of seasons. I favor hollow-tine aerators and a dual pass if the soil is greatly compacted.

Overseeding right after aeration works well. Tall fescue mixes that consist of turf-type ranges produce a dense, fine-bladed appearance with much better condition resistance. Aim for 3 to 5 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for overseeding, higher for full restoration. Topdressing with a quarter inch of screened compost aids hold seed, boosts microbial life, and smooths small undulations.

Fertilization belongs right here. A well balanced autumn program offers 0.75 to 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in very early loss and another light application 6 to 8 weeks later on, readjusted based on soil examinations. This strategy drives origin growth and carb storage, which pay off next spring.

Broadleaf weeds are surprisingly prone in loss. Therapies for clover, plantain, and dandelion are a lot more reliable now due to the fact that plants are drawing sources gradually into their roots. If you prefer a lighter chemical impact, spot therapy remains a wise compromise.

Leaf management matters. Wet leaves asphyxiate turf and invite snow mold and mildew. Compost mowing, which chops leaves into fine little bits, operates in many instances and returns raw material to the dirt. When the volume surpasses what the mower can handle, accumulate and compost or ask your landscaping services Philadelphia company to haul them. The goal is always the exact same: stop matting and maintain light getting to the grass.

Winter: shield what you built

Once development quits, make a last clean-up pass. The last cut commonly lands around 2.75 to 3 inches, a little lower than your summer height. This helps reduce snow mold and mildew risk, though we do not obtain the consistent snow residential lawn service cover seen in north regions. Stay clear of heavy foot website traffic on frozen or saturated yards. If the ground defrosts throughout a cozy spell, resist the temptation to rake or function the grass until the dirt companies again.

Winter is additionally a good time to assess larger changes. Do you have areas that never ever grow as a result of color or drain? A smart landscaping Philadelphia redesign could change those failings with shade-tolerant perennials, ornamental crushed rock, or broadened beds that decrease maintenance and water use. The most effective landscaper in Philly will certainly make with runoff regulations and regional plant palettes in mind, so your lawn looks all-natural in the neighborhood.

The solution menu that really helps

When individuals search for lawn care services Philadelphia, they typically see package plans that look compatible. Under the hood, however, there are purposeful distinctions. Below is a practical way to think about solution options.

Mowing and edging. Helpful when development is quick. The high quality of work programs in information: alternating trimming patterns to avoid ruts, trimming evenly without scalping, and blowing trimmings out of beds as opposed to burying plants.

Fertilization and weed control. Look for companies who utilize slow-release resources for the majority of the nitrogen, time feedings to spring and autumn, and support place sprays for weeds. Programs with 5 to seven sees per year are typical, yet the content of those brows through matters more than the count.

Aeration and overseeding. This is the single most impactful annual service for compressed Philadelphia lawns. If a firm tries to avoid it, be cynical. Slit seeding can match or replace overseeding in severe thinning since it puts seed right into shallow dirt furrows where wetness lingers.

Soil screening and changes. The difference between guessing and testing appears in your grass within 2 periods. pH modifications, potassium adjustments, and raw material techniques are tough to establish without data.

Topdressing and garden compost consolidation. Especially on newly built homes, where topsoil is slim and subsoil is dense, an annual quarter inch of garden compost after aeration develops fertility and enhances structure. It is not showy, but it works.

Irrigation examinations or upgrades. If you have an automated system, request for head-to-head coverage audits and matched rainfall nozzles. If you rely on hoses, have your supplier mark a basic watering strategy that fits your schedule.

Pest and condition monitoring. As opposed to scheduled chemical applications, the best companies inspect, record, and deal with when thresholds are gotten to. Japanese beetle grubs, chinch bugs, and fungal diseases need various timing. Splashing on a calendar wastes money and invites resistance.

Watering in the city: useful, not perfect

Many Philadelphia homes do not have in-ground watering. That is fine. I have actually handled a lot of fine-looking yards with a number of oscillating sprinklers and an economical timer. The method is discipline.

Set sprinklers so they overlap slightly, supplying roughly one inch each week spread over 2 deep soakings. Utilize a tuna can or a rain gauge to gauge. Move lawn sprinklers carefully to stay clear of completely dry streaks. If a heat wave hits, rise period, not regularity. Morning watering stops fallen leave moisture overnight, which fuels fungus.

Side lawns and little yards can be stubborn. Wind tunnels between rowhomes make circulation irregular, and fences block spray. In those spots, soaker hoses under a light mulch can surpass overhanging watering.

Mowing elevation, blades, and trimmings: little options, big payoffs

I harp on mowing since it is the most constant touch a yard gets, and little mistakes compound. Establish your lawn mower high, hold that line in summer, and avoid getting rid of more than one third of the blade at a time. If a wet week turns your lawn right into a forest, make use of a dual pass at greater deck settings rather than forcing a solitary drastic cut.

Sharpen blades a minimum of two times a season. If you see white frayed suggestions on the lawn a day after mowing, your blade is boring. Torn ideas shed water quickly, invite condition, and make the yard look gray.

Leave cuttings unless they mat. They return nitrogen and organic matter. On heavy growth weeks, bagging is much better than smothering the grass. If a yard care business leaves windrows or clumps, ask them to decrease or take a 2nd pass.

The shade and tree origin problem

Philadelphia's mature areas teem with maples, oaks, and sycamores. Trees and lawn compete fiercely for water and nutrients. If you have residential lawn care Philadelphia subjected origins at the surface, stacking soil on top is dangerous. Roots need oxygen. Instead, create a mulched ring out to the drip line where practical, and accept a minimized lawn footprint.

In dappled shade, fine fescues can gain a location in the seed blend, but they do not like foot website traffic. Take into consideration tipping stone paths or broadened beds via high-traffic shade areas. A great lawn maintenance Philadelphia plan balances aesthetic appeals with fact, conserving you from reseeding the very same location year after year.

Organic, low-input, and crossbreed programs

Plenty of home owners intend to reduce artificial inputs. That is attainable, particularly if you buy dirt health, cutting self-control, and overseeding. Organic plant foods build microbial life and release nutrients slowly. Garden compost topdressing, fallen leave mulching, and clover assimilation all contribute to a resilient lawn.

Be truthful about trade-offs. Weed stress will certainly be greater in year one and two, especially versus seasonal weeds like violet. A number of my customers be successful with hybrid programs: natural fertility, social practices like oygenation and compost, and targeted herbicides only where essential. A yard care company in Philadelphia that comprehends this equilibrium can tailor a course that respects your preferences while maintaining the grass presentable.

Pricing assumptions and value checks

Costs vary by residential or commercial property dimension, gain access to, and solution scope, yet you can orient yourself with harsh varieties across the city and close suburbs. Trimming on tiny rowhome lawns could run in the modest regular rate variety throughout height season, while quarter to half-acre suv whole lots can set you back several times that. Oygenation and overseeding typically falls into a mid-three-to-high-three-figure variety depending upon size and seed selection. Complete remodelling, which includes non-selective kill, numerous seed passes, and topdressing, can push well over a thousand for bigger properties.

Value discloses itself in results and communication. If a crew appears reliably, leaves clean sides, proactively flags concerns, and strikes the crucial loss home window on time, they are making their keep. If they avoid aeration, stay clear of soil tests, or push mid-summer nitrogen for cool-season grass, press for explanations or think about various other options.

When to call a landscaper rather than pressing grass fixes

Sometimes, the smartest relocation is to alter the canvas. If your front lawn gets less than three hours of light, lawn will certainly constantly battle. If runoff tears networks via your side yard after storms, yard is not the repair. Landscaping Philadelphia projects that add swales, absorptive paths, and native plantings can fix the underlying problems and reduced upkeep long term.

A qualified landscaping company in Philadelphia assumes like a designer and a garden enthusiast. They need to review slope, dirt infiltration, and plant selection in addition to visual appeal. Deal with groups that appreciate your home's architectural design and the area's personality, not just the Pinterest vision.

A simple, seasonal checklist you can share with your provider

  • Early springtime: dirt test if overdue, sharpen lawn mower blades, use pre-emergent when dirt strikes mid 50s, light slow-release feeding, mow at 3 to 3.5 inches.
  • Late spring: spot-treat weeds, screen for grubs if there is a history, confirm irrigation coverage, keep mowing height steady.
  • Summer: elevate mowing to 3.5 to 4 inches, water deeply in mornings as needed, avoid hefty nitrogen, take care of disease stress with cultural practices.
  • Early fall: core freshen, overseed with turf-type tall fescue mix, topdress with garden compost, use a balanced loss fertilizer.
  • Late loss: 2nd light fertilizer if appropriate, compost or eliminate fallen leaves prior to they mat, final trim around 2.75 to 3 inches.

How premier suppliers earn their reputation

I have enjoyed firms earn five-star track records the sluggish method, over years of consistent field job. They do the unglamorous points well. They stop after a thunderstorm to reschedule a cut as opposed to rut your dirt. They switch over from covering weed control to identify spray the very first time you ask, then clarify the reasonable timeline for renovation. They urge fall oygenation also if it is the busiest week of their year, since they know that is when it counts.

When you evaluate lawn care services Philadelphia homeowners advise, look past social proof to process. Ask how they train employees, what they do when a job fails, and just how they take care of side instances fresh turf in a heat wave. Good solutions are specific. If the sales representative can not explain the seed blend they utilize, the nitrogen source in their plant food, or the target dirt pH, keep interviewing.

A couple of side cases worth calling out

New building grass typically rest on compacted subsoil with a slim veneer of topsoil. Expect a two to three year turn-around if you devote to oygenation, compost topdressing, and mindful watering. Quick fixes seldom hold.

Pet damage focuses in winter months and early springtime. Flush those locations with water to dilute salts, after that topdress with a light layer of compost and seed when soil warms. High fescue recuperates much better than bluegrass under repeat traffic.

Sidewalk strips warm up and dry faster than the lawn correct. Think about drought-tolerant blends, a tiny drip line under mulch, or switching turf for a hard seasonal boundary. It is better to have a strip that looks intentionally grown than a churned-up patchwork of weeds and dust.

Slope areas can take advantage of slit seeding integrated with disintegration control blankets for a season. Once developed, deeper-rooted tall fescue outshines rye in holding soil.

Bringing all of it together

A Philadelphia lawn thrives when you sync with the city's seasons and soils. Springtime sets the table, summertime examinations your persistence, and fall incentives the work. The right lawn treatment firm in Philly enhances your efforts with precise timing, truthful support, and sharp execution. They know when to seed and when to wait, when to feed and when to hold back, when to fight weeds and when to reconsider the planting.

Whether you keep the job internal or partner with a specialist group, the principles remain the exact same. Construct healthy and balanced soil. Cut high with sharp blades. Water deeply however not frequently. Aerate and seed in loss. Pick plants that match the site as opposed to forcing the website to match the plant. Keeping that approach, your lawn comes to be more than a green surface area. It turns into a resilient landscape that looks good in April, endures July, and rebounds with vitality in October. And that, in Philadelphia's climate, is the mark of job well done.

EAS Landscaping Address: 1234 N 25th St, Philadelphia, PA 19121
Phone: +1 267-670-0173
Website: https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping

EAS Landscaping is a Philadelphia-based landscape design and construction company specializing in artistic, sustainable outdoor spaces, including landscaping, hardscaping, garden design, and custom landscape architecture for residential projects.

View us on Google Maps
1234 N 25th St
Philadelphia, PA
19121
US

Business Hours

  • Monday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Tuesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Wednesday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Thursday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Friday: 8:30 AM – 6:00 PM
  • Saturday: 9:00 AM – 1:00 PM
  • Sunday: Closed

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EAS Landscaping is a landscaping company

EAS Landscaping is based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

EAS Landscaping address is 1234 N 25th St Philadelphia PA 19121 United States

EAS Landscaping phone number is +1 267 670 0173

EAS Landscaping website is https://easlandscaping.com/

EAS Landscaping operates on Tuesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Wednesday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Thursday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Friday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping operates on Saturday from 9 AM to 1 PM

EAS Landscaping is closed on Sunday

EAS Landscaping operates on Monday from 8:30 AM to 6 PM

EAS Landscaping is connected with Brooks Brothers Construction

Brooks Brothers Construction provides hardscaping services for EAS Landscaping

Horace Captain leads hardscaping projects for Brooks Brothers Construction

Horace Captain has over 30 years of hardscaping experience

EAS Landscaping provides landscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides hardscaping services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape design services

EAS Landscaping provides landscape construction services

EAS Landscaping provides native plant installation and guidance

EAS Landscaping provides garden design services

EAS Landscaping provides residential landscape architecture services

EAS Landscaping provides fencing services

EAS Landscaping does not provide lawncare services

EAS Landscaping installs sod only as part of a larger design project

EAS Landscaping specializes in artscape landscape projects

EAS Landscaping collaborates with clients to create sustainable landscape designs

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in horticulture

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in landscape construction

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in project management

EAS Landscaping team has expertise in material logistics

EAS Landscaping won Philadelphia Sustainable Landscape Award

EAS Landscaping was awarded Best Urban Garden Design Philadelphia

EAS Landscaping received Recognition for Artistic Landscape Excellence

EAS Landscaping Google Maps link is https://maps.app.goo.gl/S64Ns9YXGW3pb42m8

EAS Landscaping has a YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPgmI0GioirEfnZG7hl4t7Q

EAS Landscaping has an Instagram profile https://www.instagram.com/easlandscaping/

EAS Landscaping uses social media for brand promotion

EAS Landscaping uses social media to showcase landscaping projects


Frequently Asked Questions About Lawn Care in Philadelphia


How much does lawn service cost in Philadelphia?

Lawn service in Philadelphia typically costs between $40 and $80 per visit for standard mowing. Pricing varies based on lot size, grass height, terrain, and service frequency. Additional services such as edging, trimming, or seasonal cleanup increase the total cost.

How much does lawn care cost in PA?

In Pennsylvania, routine lawn care generally ranges from $35 to $90 per visit. Monthly costs average $120 to $250 depending on services included. Fertilization, weed control, and aeration are usually priced separately.

What services are offered by Lawnstarter lawn care service in Philadelphia?

The platform typically offers lawn mowing, edging, trimming, and debris cleanup. Optional services commonly include fertilization, weed control, aeration, overseeding, and leaf removal. Availability can vary based on provider coverage and season.

What is the best grass to grow in Philadelphia?

Cool-season grasses perform best due to Philadelphia’s climate. Tall fescue is widely used for its heat tolerance and durability. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are also common, often blended for resilience.

What is the average pay for a lawn care worker in PA?

The average lawn care worker in Pennsylvania earns approximately $15 to $20 per hour. Entry-level roles are typically lower, while experienced operators earn more. Pay varies by season, employer, and skill level.

What is the best lawn care for beginners?

Basic lawn care for beginners includes regular mowing, proper watering, and seasonal fertilization. Maintaining correct mowing height and sharp blades prevents stress and disease. Weed control and soil testing can be added gradually.

Do you need a license for lawn care in PA?

General lawn mowing and maintenance do not require a state license in Pennsylvania. However, applying pesticides or herbicides commercially requires certification from the state. Local business registration may also be required.

What is the best time of year for lawn care?

Spring and fall are the most important seasons for lawn care. Fall is ideal for aeration, overseeding, and fertilization. Spring focuses on cleanup, early fertilization, and weed prevention.

What is the most expensive part of landscaping?

Hardscaping is typically the most expensive part of landscaping. This includes patios, retaining walls, drainage systems, and stonework. Costs are driven by materials, excavation, and labor intensity.

Is $20 an hour good in PA?

An hourly rate of $20 is above the statewide median for many labor roles. It is generally considered competitive for skilled or physically demanding work. Cost of living differences can affect how far this wage goes.

How many lawns can a 2 man crew mow in a day?

A two-person crew can typically mow 12 to 20 average-size lawns per day. Productivity depends on lawn size, travel distance, equipment efficiency, and service scope. Smaller, clustered properties increase output.

What is the difference between a landscaper and a groundskeeper?

A landscaper focuses on design, installation, and improvement of outdoor spaces. A groundskeeper maintains existing landscapes through mowing, pruning, and general upkeep. The roles differ mainly in scope and long-term responsibility.


Looking for lawn care in Philadelphia near Betsy Ross House ? Professional lawn care services help maintain healthy grass, control weeds, and keep outdoor spaces consistently maintained throughout the season.

I am a enthusiastic professional with a rich background in consulting. My drive for game-changing solutions drives my desire to scale thriving ventures. In my professional career, I have established a identity as being a pragmatic leader. Aside from scaling my own businesses, I also enjoy coaching entrepreneurial risk-takers. I believe in motivating the next generation of problem-solvers to actualize their own desires. I am often venturing into groundbreaking possibilities and uniting with like-hearted risk-takers. Upending expectations is my inspiration. In addition to dedicated to my startup, I enjoy visiting dynamic destinations. I am also focused on outdoor activities.