What Is the Secret to Hiring the Right Deck Builder in Gig Harbor WA? Discover Expert Tips Before You Choose Today!

What Is the Secret to Hiring the Right Deck Builder in Gig Harbor WA? Discover Expert Tips Before You Choose Today!

fireplace

Assessing the Builder's Reputation and Reviews


When it comes to hiring the right deck builder in Gig Harbor, WA, one of the most critical steps is assessing the builders reputation and reviews. This can tell you a lot about the quality of work you can expect and the reliability of the builder youre considering.


Firstly, dont just skim through the ratings; its essential to read the reviews in detail. Sometimes a builder might have a high overall rating, but the reviews could reveal some recurring issues (like delays or going over budget) that might concern you.

reviews

  1. code
  2. commercial
  3. residential
  4. pressuretreated
On the other hand, a builder with a few less-than-perfect reviews but a record of addressing and resolving client concerns could still be a great choice!


Also, its important to look beyond just one platform. Check multiple review sites and even ask the builder for references you can contact directly. Speaking to past clients can give you insights that online reviews cannot. What Is the Secret to Hiring the Right Deck Builder in Gig Harbor WA? Discover Professional Tips Before You Choose Today! . They can share their personal experiences, from the builder's communication style to how they handled any problems that arose during the project.


Dont forget to check the builder's credentials as well. bench Are they licensed and insured? Do they have any certifications from relevant industry associations?

delivery

  • screen
  • balusters
  • sunroom
  • fabrication
  • estimate
  • ledger
These details can add an extra layer of confidence in your decision.


Remember, choosing the right deck builder is a significant investment, and you want someone who not only does great work but also whose previous customers speak highly of their professionalism and craftsmanship. Taking the time to thoroughly vet your potential deck builder can save you a lot of headaches in the future. And when you find a builder with glowing reviews and a solid reputation, it feels like a big win!

Understanding the Importance of Licenses, Bonds, and Insurance


When it comes to hiring the right deck builder in Gig Harbor, WA, understanding the significance of licenses, bonds, and insurance cannot be overstated. These elements are crucial for ensuring that the project will be completed according to high standards and without any legal or financial hiccups.


Firstly, a license is more than just a piece of paper. It ensures that the deck builder has met certain standards and qualifications required by the state or local government.

appraisal

  • pergola
  • licensed
  • hotub
  • waterproofing
  • screws
  • curbappeal
This not only guarantees their technical expertise but also their knowledge of local building codes and regulations. Without this, you could end up facing serious issues, especially if the construction doesn't comply with local standards.


Bonds provide an additional layer of security for homeowners. By hiring a bonded contractor, you are protected in case the contractor fails to complete the job or fails to meet other financial obligations such as paying for permits or suppliers. Think of it as a safety net that can save you from potential financial losses.


Insurance, on the other hand, protects both you and the contractor. For instance, if an accident occurs on your property during the construction of your deck (which nobody wants, but it can happen), having a builder that carries their own insurance means that you won't be liable for any injuries or damages. This is critical because accidents can happen no matter how careful everyone is.


It's also worth mentioning that verifying these aspects (licenses, bonds, and insurance) is your responsibility! Make sure to ask for proof and verify it with the relevant authorities or bodies. A reputable builder won't hesitate to show you these documents.


Remember, the secret to hiring the right deck builder does not only lie in their craftsmanship but also in their professional responsibility. Ensuring they are licensed, bonded, and insured adds a layer of protection for both the homeowner and the builder. fireplace Don't miss out on these crucial steps (it's easier than you think to check these details!) and ensure a smoother, more secure deck building experience.


So, next time you're out there looking for a deck builder, make these documents a priority in your checklist! Its the best way to protect your investment and achieve the beautiful deck you've always wanted!

Comparing Quotes and Understanding Cost Breakdowns


When youre ready to transform your backyard with a new deck in Gig Harbor WA, hiring the right deck builder is crucial. Its not just about finding someone who can physically construct the deck, but finding a professional who understands your vision and can execute it within your budget. One of the secrets to making an informed decision is comparing quotes and understanding cost breakdowns.


First off, when you start receiving quotes from different builders, it's easy to get swayed by the lowest offer. However, its important to delve deeper into what each quote actually includes (and what it doesn't). Some builders might provide a lower quote but might not include essential elements such as permits or high-quality materials, which you will end up paying for later. Therefore, its not just the bottom line you should be looking at; its also the details of the cost breakdown.


Each quote should clearly outline the cost of materials, labor, design, and any additional fees. Materials can vary widely in quality and price, and the type of materials used can significantly affect the longevity and appearance of your deck. Labor costs can also vary, depending on the builders expertise and the complexity of your project. A good builder should be able to explain why they are charging a certain amount for labor and how they calculate it.


Understanding the cost breakdown also helps in assessing whether the builder is transparent and trustworthy. A detailed quote shows that the builder is meticulous and honest about the costing. If you find discrepancies or the explanations aren't clear, it might be a red flag.


Additionally, when comparing quotes, look at the builder's past projects and reviews. This can give you a sense of their craftsmanship and reliability. Sometimes, paying a bit more is worthwhile if it means getting a deck that is well-built and lasts longer. Remember, a deck is a significant investment and you want to ensure it's done right!


Lastly, dont hesitate to ask questions. If there's something in the quote you don't understand, or if you need more details about a certain cost, a reputable builder will be happy to clarify. This open line of communication not only ensures you're fully informed but also helps in building a good working relationship with your builder.


In conclusion, the secret to hiring the right deck builder in Gig Harbor WA lies in carefully comparing quotes and understanding the detailed cost breakdowns. This approach ensures you're not only getting a fair price but also high-quality workmanship. Take your time, do your homework, and soon you'll be enjoying your new deck (without any surprises in the cost)!

Evaluating Communication and Customer Service Skills


When it comes to hiring the right deck builder in Gig Harbor, WA, evaluating communication and customer service skills is crucial. These factors can significantly influence the success of your project and ensure you're making the best choice for your home improvement needs.


First off, communication is key! A good deck builder should not only be able to clearly explain the process and provide regular updates, but should also listen to your needs and preferences. When initiating contact with potential builders, take note of how they handle your queries. Do they respond promptly? Are their responses clear and helpful, or do they leave you more confused than before? Its a red flag if a contractor doesnt seem to have the time to answer your questions or if their answers are consistently vague.


Customer service goes hand-in-hand with good communication. Pay attention to the builders professionalism during your interactions. Are they courteous and respectful? Do they show a genuine interest in helping you achieve your vision for the deck, or do they seem more focused on closing a deal? Remember, a builder who values customer service will prioritize your satisfaction and strive to make the construction process as smooth as possible.


It's also a good idea to read reviews and ask for references (this can give you a better insight into their communication and customer service history). Previous clients can provide real-life examples of how the builder handled various aspects of the project, including any issues that arose.


Hiring the right deck builder is not just about finding someone with the technical skills to build a great deck but also about securing a professional who values and excels in effective communication and top-notch customer service. Take your time, do your research, and dont hesitate to meet with several builders before making your final decision. After all, choosing the right person for the job will ensure that your deck is not only beautiful and functional but also a true asset to your home.

Deck Builder Gig Harbor WA

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Citations and other links

 

USS William Ward Burrows on 6 July 1942. Her 3"/23 guns have been replaced with 3"/50 guns and the sponson in the forward well deck for the 50-foot motor launches has been removed. (The aft well deck is clearly visible forward of the poop.)

In traditional nautical use, well decks were decks lower than decks fore and aft, usually at the main deck level, so that breaks appear in the main deck profile, as opposed to a flush deck profile. The term goes back to the days of sail.[1] Late-20th-century commercial and military amphibious ships have applied the term to an entirely different type of hangar-like structure, evolving from exaggerated deep "well decks" of World War II amphibious vessels, that can be flooded for lighters or landing craft.

Traditional

[edit]
The USS Indianapolis being overhauled at the Mare Island Navy Yard, 19 April 1942. Closeup view of her well deck area, from the port side. Note her forward smokestack, catapults, and Curtiss SOC Seagull aircraft.

A well deck is an exposed deck (weather deck) lower than decks fore and aft.[2] In particular, it is one enclosed by bulwarks limiting flow of water and thus drainage so that design requirements are specific about drainage and maintenance of such drainage with that definition applying even to small vessels. The United States Coast Guard, Sector Upper Mississippi River, Small Passenger Vessel Information Package notes:

'Well deck' means a weather deck fitted with solid bulwarks that impede the drainage of water over the sides or an exposed recess in the weather deck extending 1/2 or more of the length of the vessel over the weather deck.[3]

Explicit requirements exist for drainage requirements on ships with well decks.[4] On many vessels the cargo hatches and cargo handling booms and winches were located on the well decks between a central superstructure and raised forecastle and stern.[5]

Naval vessels into the World War II era often had well decks between stacks with the space sometimes reserved for aircraft and catapults as seen in the photograph of the USS Indianapolis's well deck (note ladders down into the well deck from surrounding decks).

In commercial ship design categories, the "well deck ship" type the profile of the main deck line is broken rather than being flush or unbroken from bow to stern. The earliest cargo steamers were flush deck with openings below rimmed only with low casings. Later designs eliminated this design as dangerous with bulwarks and eventual evolution into the "three island" design[Note 1] with raised forecastle, central bridge and poop superstructures and well decks between.[6][7]

The well decks of passenger liners were often for the lowest class passengers' use, with the well deck of the Titanic reserved for third class passengers.[8] By the mid-20th century the concept of well deck design in passenger liners was "old fashioned", and newer ships were designed with flush decks.[9]

Modern military

[edit]
Overhead view of USS Ashland's well deck as she is moored pierside at Mare Island Navy Yard, 21 July 1943

In modern amphibious warfare usage, a well dock is a hangar-like deck located at the waterline in the stern of some amphibious warfare ships. By taking on water the ship can lower its stern, flooding the well deck and allowing boats, amphibious vehicles and landing craft to dock within the ship. In the United States Navy, this is referred to as a well deck, and officially termed a wet well when the well deck is flooded for operations,[10]

The structure on the latest naval amphibious ships does not precisely fit the traditional meaning of a weather, or open deck, that is lower than adjacent decks, surrounded by bulkheads and lacking proper drainage would form a catchment for water; however the structure has its origins in such an exaggerated deep deck on World War II era tank landing craft (TLC) the British forces were considering.[11]

In July 1941 Major R. E. Holloway, Royal Engineers, forwarded a design from a 1924 patent by Otto Popper of the Danube International Commission concerning a barge transporter for Danube barges. The application of that idea to TLCs evolved into the British "Tank Landing Craft carrier" and that would become the Dock Landing Ship (LSD) that had an open, very deep and special purpose well deck open to the elements and thus technically a "well deck" in the traditional definition.[12]

An LCU approaches the well deck of USS Essex.

The structure underwent an evolutionary change to become an enclosed structure, essentially a floodable compartment, for docking amphibious vehicles that in most modern versions has lost its weather deck character even as the more modern commercial ship designs have abandoned the traditional well deck structures that are not typically features of today's bulk cargo ships, container ships or passenger ships.

Commercial application

[edit]

Some commercial vessels have similar structures for purposes similar to the military versions. The German Baco Liner ships use bow doors. Previous barge carriers were of similar design to the military ships with a large stern well deck.[13][14] The increased use of containers and container port facilities has decreased the use of this type of commercial vessel with their main use serving regions with less well developed ports.[15][14]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The "three island ship design goes back to the late age of sail as is seen in Preußen. The design can more clearly be seen in the photograph of the USS William Ward Burrows (AP-6) here.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Brief History of the U.S.S. Yantic". Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Historical Collections. Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  2. ^ "Well Deck (definition)". Narciki – Naval Architecture Wiki Project. Retrieved 4 March 2012.[dead link]
  3. ^ "Small Passenger Vessel Information Package" (PDF). United States Coast Guard, Sector Upper Mississippi River. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  4. ^ "46 C.F.R. § 171.150 Drainage of a vessel with a well deck". Justia. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  5. ^ Marshall, Ian, "The Tramp Steamer", Sea History, no. 129, archived from the original on 16 November 2011, retrieved 4 March 2012
  6. ^ Carroll, Paul (2010). The Wexford: Elusive Shipwreck of the Great Storm, 1913 (citing British Admiralty Manual of Seamanship, Volume III, January 25, 1954). Natural Heritage Books, Dundurn Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-55488-736-1.
  7. ^ "John Oxley History". Sydney Maritime Museum Limited. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  8. ^ "New Titanic Pictures Released for 25th Anniversary of Discovery (photo of Titanic wreck well deck)". Titanic Universe. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  9. ^ "Design of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth". Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  10. ^ U.S. Navy (29 June 1999). "WET WELL OPERATIONS MANUAL" (PDF). COMNAVSURFLANT/COMNAVSURFPAC INSTRUCTION 3340.3C. U.S. Navy. Retrieved 5 March 2012.[dead link]
  11. ^ Friedman, Norman (2002). U.S. Amphibious Ships And Craft: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 1-55750-250-1.
  12. ^ Friedman, Norman (2002). U.S. Amphibious Ships And Craft: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 1-55750-250-1.
  13. ^ "Barge Carrier Ships". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Barge Carrier Variants". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  15. ^ JOC Sailings. "Barge Carrier". JOC Sailings. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
[edit]

 

Braun ABW30 wall clock designed by Dieter Rams and Dietrich Lubs [de] (early 1980s)
Victorinox Swiss Army knife
Brionvega RR 126 [it] radiogram designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
An image of cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid
Cutlery designed by architect and designer Zaha Hadid (2007). The slightly oblique end part of the fork and the spoons, as well as the knife handle, are examples of designing for both aesthetic form and practical function.
Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings
Béla Barényi holding car model
Barényi Béla, considered to be the father of safe driving and safety tests, preparing for safety development, which is a core part of the designing process

A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design, such as in arts and crafts. A design is expected to have a purpose within a specific context, typically aiming to satisfy certain goals and constraints while taking into account aesthetic, functional and experiential considerations. Traditional examples of designs are architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns, and less tangible artefacts such as business process models.[1][2]

Designing

[edit]

People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a fashion designer, a product designer, a web designer, or an interior designer), but it can also designate other practitioners such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, with some employing designated processes such as design thinking and design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.

Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions of those formally recognized as designers. In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial, the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. Simon proposed that, "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."[3] According to the design researcher Nigel Cross, "Everyone can – and does – design," and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function."[4]

History of design

[edit]

The study of design history is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as John Heskett, look to the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production.[5] Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistoric times.[6] Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research.[7] Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion.

Design education

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In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's Government School of Design (1837), and Konstfack in Sweden (1844). The Rhode Island School of Design was founded in the United States in 1877. The German art and design school Bauhaus, founded in 1919, greatly influenced modern design education.[8]

Design education covers the teaching of theory, knowledge, and values in the design of products, services, and environments, with a focus on the development of both particular and general skills for designing. Traditionally, its primary orientation has been to prepare students for professional design practice, based on project work and studio, or atelier, teaching methods.

There are also broader forms of higher education in design studies and design thinking. Design is also a part of general education, for example within the curriculum topic, Design and Technology. The development of design in general education in the 1970s created a need to identify fundamental aspects of 'designerly' ways of knowing, thinking, and acting, which resulted in establishing design as a distinct discipline of study.[9]

Design process

[edit]

Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs.[10] Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but different views of the design process: as a rational problem-solving process and as a process of reflection-in-action. They suggested that these two paradigms "represent two fundamentally different ways of looking at the world – positivism and constructionism."[11] The paradigms may reflect differing views of how designing should be done and how it actually is done, and both have a variety of names. The problem-solving view has been called "the rational model,"[12] "technical rationality"[13] and "the reason-centric perspective."[14] The alternative view has been called "reflection-in-action,"[13] "coevolution"[15] and "the action-centric perspective."[14]

Rational model

[edit]

The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[16][17] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz.[18] It posits that:

  1. Designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives.
  2. The design process is plan-driven.
  3. The design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.

The rational model is based on a rationalist philosophy[12] and underlies the waterfall model,[19] systems development life cycle,[20] and much of the engineering design literature.[21] According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.[22]

Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following:[23]

Each stage has many associated best practices.[25]

Criticism of the rational model

[edit]

The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:

  1. Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.[13][14][26]
  2. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.[12][27]

Action-centric model

[edit]

The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.[14] It posits that:

  1. Designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates.
  2. The design process is improvised.
  3. No universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.[14]

The action-centric perspective is based on an empiricist philosophy and broadly consistent with the agile approach[28] and methodical development.[29] Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.[26] Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.[30]

At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:

  • In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.[13]
  • In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".[14]

The concept of the design cycle is understood as a circular time structure,[31] which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.[32]

Philosophies

[edit]

Philosophy of design is the study of definitions, assumptions, foundations, and implications of design. There are also many informal 'philosophies' for guiding design such as personal values or preferred approaches.

Approaches to design

[edit]

Some of these values and approaches include:

  • Conscious design is an intentional, systems-aware approach that prioritizes the long-term impact of objects and environments on both human well-being and ecological health. It goes beyond just aesthetics by integrating circular economy principles, ethical material sourcing, and psychological health into the core of the design process.[33][34][35][36][37]
  • Critical design uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction.[38][39][40]
  • Ecological design is a design approach that prioritizes the consideration of the environmental impacts of a product or service, over its whole lifecycle.[41][42] Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.[43][44]
  • Participatory design (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is the practice of collective creativity to design, attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end-users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.[45] Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.[46][47]
  • Scientific design refers to industrialised design based on scientific knowledge.[48] Science can be used to study the effects and need for a potential or existing product in general and to design products that are based on scientific knowledge. For instance, a scientific design of face masks for COVID-19 mitigation may be based on investigations of filtration performance, mitigation performance,[49][50] thermal comfort, biodegradability and flow resistance.[51][52]
  • Service design is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers.[53][54][55][56]
  • Sociotechnical system design, a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes – for organizational purpose, quality, safety, economics, and customer requirements in core work processes, the quality of peoples experience at work, and the needs of society.
  • Transgenerational design, the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living.
  • User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end-user of the designed artefact. One aspect of user-centered design is ergonomics.
 

Types of designing

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English, at Dictionary.com (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at AskOxford (especially verbs).
  2. ^ "The greatest designs of modern times". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  3. ^ Simon, Herbert A. (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial (first ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. p. 54.
  4. ^ Cross, Nigel (2011). Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work. Berg. pp. 3 & 140. ISBN 978-1-84788-846-4.
  5. ^ Heskett, John (1963) Industrial Design. Thames & Hudson.
  6. ^ Huppatz, D. J. (2015). "Globalizing Design History and Global Design History". Journal of Design History. 28 (2): 182–202. doi:10.1093/jdh/epv002. ISSN 0952-4649. JSTOR 43831904.
  7. ^ Margolin, Victor (April 1, 2009). "Design in History". Design Issues. 25 (2): 94–105. doi:10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94. eISSN 1531-4790. ISSN 0747-9360. S2CID 57562456.
  8. ^ Naylor, Gillian (1985). The Bauhaus Reassessed. Herbert Press. ISBN 0-906969-30-1.
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Further reading

[edit]

 

A deck in the backyard of a suburban house
A high level corridor deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia
A high level deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia. The decking is selangan batu, a Malaysian timber.

In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization from the deck of a ship. A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to form a roof, and they may be either level (for a "flat" rooftop) or sloped.

Functions and materials

[edit]

Wood or timber decking can be used in a number of ways: as part of garden landscaping, to extend the living area of a house, and as an alternative to stone-based features such as patios. Decks are made from treated lumber, composite lumber, composite material, and aluminum. Lumber may be western red cedar, teak, mahogany, ipê, reclaimed and recycled ulin and other hardwoods. Recycled planks may be high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS) and PET plastic as well as mixed plastics and wood fiber (often called "composite" lumber). Artificial decking products are often called "wood-plastic composites" (WPC). WPCs have different brands like NewTechWood, Azek, Ecornboard etc.[1]

Historically, the softwoods used for decking were logged from old growth forests. These include Atlantic white cedar, redwood, and western red cedar (redcedar). Atlantic City built the first coastal boardwalk in the United States, originally constructed of the Atlantic white cedar. Soon, the commercial logging of this tree and clearing of cedar swamps in New Jersey caused a decline in the availability of decking. Atlantic City and New York City both switched to Western red cedar. By the 1960s, western red cedar from the US was declining due to over-logging. More expensive western red cedar was available from western Canada (British Columbia) but by then, pressure-treated pine had become available.

But even with chemical treatments (such as chromated copper arsenate or CCA), pine decking is not as durable as cedars in an outdoor environment. Thus, many municipalities and homeowners are turning to hardwoods. Decks are often built from pressure-treated wood. Pressure-treated wood is long lasting and holds up to wet and icy conditions. Pressure-treating chemicals are known to be toxic.[2] Both softwood and hardwood decks need to be finished after installation using either an oil or varnish to prevent weathering, wear, mould, algae and wood-boring insects.[3]

Due to environmental and durability concerns, composite decking (a mixture of two materials, typically wood pulp and recycled material such as plastic bottles or plastic bags) have appeared on the market. Proponents of composite decking tout it as a much-needed development, as it helps to curb logging of trees for new decks. However, composite decking contains harmful chemicals, cannot be refurbished, and despite claims from decking companies, some composite decking still attracts mold. However, newer more modern composites feature a cap or shell that prevents mold and staining.[4] In multi-story commercial construction, the dominant form of deck (including roof deck) construction is composite steel deck.

Generally, hardwoods used for decking come from tropical forests. Much of the logging of these woods, especially teak, mahogany and ipê, is illegal, as outlined in numerous reports by environmental organizations such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and Rainforest Relief.[5][6][7] US tropical wood imports are rising, partly due to the demand for decking.

Construction

[edit]

The deck of a house is generally a wooden platform built above the ground and connected to the main building. It is generally enclosed by a railing for safety. Access may be from the house through doors and from the ground via a stairway. Residential decks can be constructed over steep areas or rough ground that is otherwise unusable. Decks can also be covered by a canopy or pergola to control sunlight. Deck designs can be found in numerous books, do-it-yourself magazines, and websites, and from the USDA.[8]

Typical construction is either of a post and beam architecture, or a cantilever construction. The post-and-beam construction relies on posts anchored to piers in the ground. Typically, these types of structural decks are engineered and require an experienced construction company that specializes in structural decks. Cantilever decks rely on floor joists that protrude out further than the wall of the house. While this type of construction is common, it raises significant safety issues if the decks are not properly waterproofed and flashed. There have been a growing number of deck failures resulting in death and critical injuries. Another key component of decks are code compliant railings. Railings on decks above 760 mm (30 in) are considered guard rails.[according to whom?] Guard rails have a specific building code requirement for both height and structural strength. Most U.S. commercial building codes require a 1,100 mm (42 in) guardrail on decks, and 910 or 1,070 mm (36 or 42 in) for a residential code depending on the state. Typical railing assemblies must meet structural strength requirements of 9.6 kPa (200 lbf/ft2). In short, decks are complex load-bearing structures that most often require structural engineering, plans, and permits.

Residential decks may contain spaces for cooking and seating. Cooking areas ideally should be situated near the patio door while out of the way from general foot traffic. Dining spaces will include patio tables. For a typical six-person outdoor patio table building, an area of 3.7 m × 4.9 m (12 ft × 16 ft) is ideal. If deck space is available, homeowners may choose to include for the seating, outdoor couches and benches.

Larger buildings may also have decks on the upper floors of the building which can be open to the public as observation decks or greeneries. A deck is also the surface used to construct a boardwalk over sand on barrier islands.

Laying deck or throwing deck refers to the act of placing and bolting down cold-formed steel beneath roofing and concrete floors. This is usually done by an ironworker, sometimes in conjunction with a cement mason or carpenter. It regarded as one of the most physically demanding jobs in the iron working industry.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom the various bans on smoking in public buildings were expected to lead to an increase in the use of timber decking for outdoor spaces where smokers can gather.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "How to Choose the Right Lumber for Your Deck?". 5 Nov 2023.
  2. ^ "Lumber Pressure Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2013.
  3. ^ "Choosing The Best Decking Oil". Blueprint Joinery. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  4. ^ Paster, Pablo (2009). "Deck: Wood or Plastic?". Treehugger.
  5. ^ Keating, Tim (1997), Teak is Torture: Forced Labor Logging in Burma (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  6. ^ Keating, Tim (1998), Deep Impact: An Estimate of Tropical Rainforest Acres Impacted for a Board Foot of Imported Ipê (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  7. ^ Monbiot, George (1992), Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil, Friends of the Earth, London, ISBN 978-1-85750-160-5
  8. ^ L.O. Anderson, T.B. Heebink, and A.E. Oviatt. (1972)."Construction guides for exposed wood decks. Agriculture handbook no. 432". Washington: USDA, Forest Service.
  9. ^ "Smoking Ban Good News For Decking", Timber Construction, 2007

[1]

[edit]
  • Media related to Decks (architecture) at Wikimedia Commons
  1. ^ "Top Deck Design Trends". O’Keefe Built. O’Keefe Built. 2025. Retrieved 28 October 2025.

 

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